Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2719 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Critical methodology (max 800 words/20% overall marks) QUESTION 1 (i)In the context of legal abbreviations, what do the following stand for? H.R.L. Rev Yale L.J. (ii)Please give a critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify such items. Solution to Question 1 (i)Using Raistrict (2008), the legal abbreviations; (a)H.R.L. Rev means Human Right Law Review. (b)Yale L.J. means Yale Law Journal. (ii) A critical evaluation of appropriate online and offline methodologies you might use to accurately identify the journals are detailed below; Appropriate online methodologies that can be used to identify the abbreviation include electronic law indexes such as the Westlaw, Lexis and online legal abbreviation websites. Using this approach allows the simplicity and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit. However, not all legal material is available online. The offline methodologies could includes searching the library manually using shelf-end index cards, using books on legal citations and abbreviation such as Raistrick and textbooks on English Legal Sy stem makes it possible to match this legal abbreviation to its meaning. This method is time consuming when compared with the online approach. QUESTION 2 (i)What is the difference between primary and secondary legal sources? (ii)Would primary or secondary sources be found in the volumes located for Q1(i)? Solution to Question 2 (i)The difference between primary and secondary legal sources is that the primary sources of law contain the actual text of law itself, they are the written rules that govern the behaviour with society, they can affect the legal rights of citizens and this includes the statutory law and the case law while the secondary legal sources are background resources that comment on law to supplement the primary sources and they provide enlightening value for the relevant primary sources of law (Gillespie, 2013). (ii)Yes, Both sources would be found in the volumes located for Q1(i) above. In Human Rights Law Review 2014 volume 14, at page 175-195, Refe rences were made to a case law of Sunday Times v United Kingdom and a journal article by Habermas on The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society which are primary and secondary source respectively. QUESTION 3 Please locate a full transcript Pusey v Somerset CC (2012) then answer the following with reference to that transcript: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Questions and Answers on Critical Methodology" essay for you Create order What is the neutral citation for this case? Which judges heard the case and in which court? What factual events have motivated the appellants to bring a case? Is the court you found for question 3(b) bound by the Supreme Court? Solution to Question 3 [2012] EWCA Civ 988 The judges were Ward, Longmore and Patten LJJ in the Court of Appeal, Civil Division Nuisance alleged to have arisen from the use of a strip as a lay-by The Court of appeal Civil Division is bound by theSupreme Court of the United Kingdomwhen making decisions, and is normally bound by its own previous decisions. QUESTION 4 Critically evaluate the following methodologies for locating statutes: Generic search engines Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures. Solution to Question 4 Generic search engines involve using the common search engine in locating statutes. This allows the search of a broad context for the relevant statute. It allows the ease and comfort of conducting the search electronically without limit and can access all that are available in the database related to the statute. However, this methodology carries some concerns; statutes located may not relate to the proper jurisdiction or may not be official and reliable. Checking the authenticity and integrity of the statutes is also a concern as some of the statutes located by this means may no longer be in their original context which might have omit important information about the law. Therefore, it is difficult to know laws that have been amended, repeal or not in force. Some online statutes are written by author without a well ground knowledge about the law. Statutes are date sensitive and generic search engine makes it difficult to verify this. Library Hard Copy of Public General Acts and Measures allows locating of statutes in their original context as they are kept in the hard copy, as they have been written with no modification. This gives more reliable and dependable laws that have been enacted. They ensure that laws located in them are of maximum integrity. Easy to locate laws that are relevant to the proper jurisdiction. Hard copy allows dates verification as legal information is often date sensitive and makes it possible to know if the law is still in force. Also, many statutes are available in printed form than the online version. The major problem of this methodology is that hard copy of Public General Acts only shows the laws that were enacted and not amended. Accessing necessary statute can be difficult, tedious and also time-consuming. QUESTION 5 What is unusual about the enacting formula of the Hunting Act 2004 c.37? Solution to Question 5 An occasionally used legislative device: the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, which allows the Commons to over-rule the Lords where agreement cannot be reached, was invoked in enacting the Law. QUESTION 6 Provide, verbatim, the long title of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 c. 27. Solution to Question 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Act to make provision, in consequence of a declaration of invalidity made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to Directive 2006/ 24/EC, about the retention of certain communications data; to amend the grounds for issuing interception warrants, or granting or giving certain authorisations or notices, underPart 1of theRegulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000; to make provision about the extra-territorial application of that Part and about the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“telecommunications serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the purposes of that Act; to make provision about additional reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner; to make provision about a review of the operation and regulation of investigatory powers; and for connected purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bibliography Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014, c.27 Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/27/contents/enacted (Accessed: 27 November 2014) Gillespie, A. (2013) the English legal system, 4th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Raistrict, D. (2008) index to legal citation and abbreviations, 3rd edition, London: Thomson/Sweet Maxwell Case Review (max 1,500 words/40% overall marks) Please produce a review of the salient legal points of the following case Lord McAlpine of West Green v Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB), which should include the court in which the case was heard; who heard the case; what you perceive the key arguments in the case to be; whether you consider the case to be correctly decided and the reasons for this conclusion. INTRODUCTION Social media offers unique opportunities to share information, ideas, and opinions. It is fast becoming the preferred mode of communication and interaction[1]. It promote freedom of expression by empower people to freely express themselves. This freedom of expression needs to be exercise with prudence as some expressions could have serious legal implications. This essay reviewed a case between Lord McAlphine v Sally Bercow which originated from a post on twitter. It was a libel case heard by Mr. Justice Tugendhat in the High Court of justice Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench Division. It shows how words can be said to be libellous even without it clearly defames someone or having the intention of making it to be. The essay is structured into four sections; section two discusses the facts of the case, section three explains the judgement, and the last section analyses this judgement based on the key arguments of the case. FACTS A BBC current affair programme Newsnight, broadcasted a report on the 2nd of November, 2012, about an undisclosed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leading Conservative politician from the Thatcher yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  who was involved in a serious allegation of child abuse. This later turned out to be a case of mistaken identity where the accuser has misidentified his abuser[2]. On the 4th of November 2012, Bercow posted a tweet which reads: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why is Lord McAlpine trending? *Innocent face*à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [3] the claimant said that the tweet defame him and brought proceedings for libel against the defendant. The court was asked to determine what the statement means and whether it really defames him[4]. The next section explained how Mr. Tugendhat came into conclusion based on the facts of this case using the legal principle. JUDGMENT The judge inferred that there were considerable number of viewers of the Newsnight report and by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“4th November 2012, many people had readà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  one or more media reports about it which included a considerable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“readers of the tweetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5]. He quoted some legal principles governing the interpretation of words in the law of libel. He referred to the case of Jones v Skelton[6], where the court stated that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ordinary and natural meaning of wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may contain any implication or assumption which a reasonable reader guided by only the general facts and not restrained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“by any strict legal rules of construction would draw from the wordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7]. He explained that a defamatory meaning is one inferred on the basis of other external facts which the claimant has to establish that they are well known to the readers[8]. Also, the governing principle for meaning is reasonableness, where the reader can indulge in loose thinking and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some inference is allowed but the reasonable reader is not keen for scandal and the intention of the writer is irrelevantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as explained in the case of Jeynes v News Magazines Limited[9]. Mr. Tugendhat said that most followers of the defendant were interested in politics and current affairs and even without previous knowledge of the claimant, a reasonable reader would have linked him to the Newsnight report since the tweet named him by his title Lord which is used for people that have held prominent position in public life. In addition to his situation where he had little publicity at that time and there was rumour about the identity of an undisclosed politician who had been prominent some years back[10] The parties disagreed on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what the words innocent face should meanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in which the claimant submitted that it is contrary to its exact meaning, while the defendant argued that it should be read in a literal way. Mr.Tugendhat concluded that sensible reader would interpret the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“innocent faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as being deceitful as there was no explanation for adding them if the defendant was simply asking a factual question[11]. It was decided that the defendant does not have any good reason as to why someone whose name and career is not well known publicly, will be trending without her knowing why. But where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the defendant was telling her followers on twitter that the claimant was trending and there is no other justification, then, it is sensible to infer that he is trending for the reason that he fits the description of the undisclosed abuser[12]. Therefore, taking into consideration the repetition rule which states that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“person who repeats a libellous allegation made by others is treated as if the allegation were made by himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13], in this case, the defendant would be treated as if she made t he allegation on Newsnight and other media report which is an allegation of guilt[14]. As a result, the judge concluded that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Tweet meant, in its natural and ordinary meaning, that the Claimant was a paedophile who was guilty of sexually abusing boys living in care[15]. In other words, that the tweet bore an innuendo meaning to the same effect but one that was understood by a small number of readers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] ANALYSIS As explained in Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group[17],a defamatory allegation must name the claimant and they must largely affect in an adverse way the behaviour of other people toward the claimant or have the probability to do so[18]. It is well established à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that the tweet refers to the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , since it named him. The argument is what the statement means and whether it really defames him[19]. Natural and ordinary meaning of words covers both the words themselvesandinferences which can be drawn from them. But the meaning must be detected by a person using the common knowledge as explained in the case of Jones v Skelton[20]. In deducing the meaning of words, the personal intention of the writer is irrelevant as a reader would apparently work out what the writer is trying to say. In this situation, a reader would try to find out the reason for the defendant question. Mr. Tugendhat was right to have concluded that a reader would understand the words innocent face to be insincere because there is no basis for adding those words if the defendant was simply asking an honest question. In a circumstance where readers have background knowledge of the Newsnight broadcast, the media reports and claimant position as a formal senior Conservative politician from the Thatcher years, they can also have inferred that the Tweet meant the claimant is trending for the reason that he is the paedophile who was the subject of the media report.Considering the numbers of the defendant followers that share her interest in current affairs and politics, with a number of them re-tweeting the words, it is very clear that some of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s followers on twitter would have the relevant knowledge of the extrinsic facts. These opinions support the Judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conclusion on assigning an innuendo meaning to the tweet. Nevertheless, there is ground for arguing about the issue of lack of alternative explanation ment ioned by Mr. Tugendhat [21] because, it is complicated to see how a reader of the Tweet who had paid no attention to the broadcast and media report could have probably understood the tweet in a defamatory way. Also, the failure to determine the number of followers that understood the tweet in a defamatory meaning affects the conclusion. In Jameel v Dow Jones Co[22], the court decided that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if the number of readers who can be proved to have read the words complained of is very small, then, it can be one of the factors which may lead the court to conclude that there has been no real and substantial tort allegedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23]which was not considered here. CONCLUSION I do not think that Mr. Tugendhat could have come to any other conclusion on the facts of this case. The decision can be accepted on the ground that the reliance on an inference to establish that some readers had the required information of the special facts can be complicated as not all the reade rs of the tweet paid attention to the broadcast and media. But on the condition, that the tweet named the claimant and technically bore an innuendo meaning which would substantially affect peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude towards the claimant. Bibliography Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 Federal Communication Law Journal 179 at 185. Jameel v Dow Jones Co [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 Jeynes v News Magazines Limited [2008] EWCA Civ. 130 Jones v Skelton [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 Lord McAlpine v. Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) Sarah Thornton v. Telegraph Media Group [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195. Critical analysis of journal articles (max 3,500 words/40% overall marks) Your articles to find (available online) and critically analyse are: (i) Tully, Stephen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 2014, 14, 175-195 (ii) Frantziou, E à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Further Developments in the Right to be Forgotten: The European Court of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Judgment in Case C-131/12, Google Spain, SL, Google Inc v Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Human Rights Law Review 1-17 Your critical analysis should consist of a consideration of the key issues addressed in the articles; consideration of how persuasive and illuminating the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis and argument appears to be; where the arguments could be clarified; further contextualised or developed, and potential linkages between the articles. [1] Hammond, The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide (1997) 50 FCLJournal 179 at 185. [2] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 15 [3] Ibid. at paragraph 3 [4] Ibid. at paragraph 1 [5] Ibid. at paragraph 30 [6][1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [7]LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 48 [8] Ibid. at paragraph 50 [9] [2008] EWCA Civ. 130at paragraph 14-15 [10] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) paragraph 83 [11]Ibid. at paragraph 84 [12]Ibid. at paragraph 85 [13] Ibid. at paragraph 44 [14] Ibid. at paragraph 88 [15] Ibid. at paragraph 90 [16] Ibid. at paragraph 91 [17] [2010] EWHC 1414 (QB) [18] Ibid. at paragraph 51-59 [19] Ibid. at paragraph 37 [20] [1963] 1 WLR 1362at 1370-1371 [21] LORD MCALPINE V. BERCOW [2013] EWHC 1342 (QB) at paragraph 85 [22] [2005] 2 W.L.R. 1614 [23] Ibid. at paragraph 74

An Opinion Without Context. Whenever Observing Anything,

An Opinion Without Context Whenever observing anything, the key to completely understanding it is the context which surrounds the work. Observing a movie, without knowing when, where, and why it was created means it will not contain the same impact as it might otherwise. Take the Japanese film Gojira, which when originally created was an absolute scathing message regarding the effects of nuclear warfare, but observed by a non-native audience, the film ceases to be a message and starts to appear as a simple film about gigantic monsters. This phenomenon is as observable with Slaughterhouse Five as any other form of media. Slaughterhouse Five is one of the most misconstrued books in recent memory because of this idea and the complicated†¦show more content†¦Personally, I couldn’t help but feel his message was an apathetic one on the first readthrough, only having my mind changed with later readings. 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Ease of Doing Business -Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Visit the World Banks Ease of Doing Business site (www.doingbusines.org). Select a country of your choice and review the report. What factors are reassuring in this report and what issues are of concern? Answer: Ease of Doing Business -Australia Noteworthy, the Doing the business directory economic profile for Australia propelled this analysis. The report provides various economic indicators which might be good or not for starting up a business. The report on Australia was made this year.Overall, Australia has a conducive business startup conditions for upcoming business. Primarily, there is better credit access, simplified tax payment procedure, low business startup registration fees. However, it has a few challenges for an upcoming employer such as an obligation for severance pay in case of worker dismissal. Reassuring Factors Noteworthy, Australia offers an incentive of half registration fees and online registration to upcoming business which is ideal for new investors in the country. Through the cut down registration fees, new investors are able to save on startup costs which is likely to boost business growth. In addition, the Australia tax payment system for businesses has been made simpler due to the fact that taxes are payable online and also following the abolition of stamp duty on contracts(("Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW", 2018). Contract enforcement-Noteworthy, Australia ranks 7 out of 100, of the countries favorable for investment. Further, there is simplified online registration procedure. Moreover, Australia is ranked 3 in the enforcement of contracts and resolving disputes thus making it a good venue for business because an investor will be able to reap benefits faster owing to speedy implementation of contracts. For construction based business ventures, Australia is the place to do business this year. Specifically, Australian construction permits have increased by 17.1% since January this year. All in all, Australia is the best startup venue for a business. Simplified Permit Procedure This assertion is attributed to the fact that the Australian construction permit system has been streamlined thereby taking less time for the process to be completed. Also Owing to hard economic times, employers period for notifying workers of their dismissal for work has greatly reduced. This is advantageous for the employers due to the fact that they might be able to let go of a redundant employee faster. Notably, access to credit facilities has been made easier in Australia following the implementation of the enforceable personal property securities. Further, the collateral registry unification will make it easier for upcoming investors to access financial facilities to actualize their business ideas. Credit Access-Due to the security availability. With the easy accessibility to credit facilities, it is easier to start up a business in Australia than anywhere else hence good investment destination. Concern issues. Labor Market Regulation.-Despite the above incentives for starting business ventures in Australia, challenges likely to face upcoming investors. With the Introduction of the severance pay obligation on employers in instances of redundant workers dismissal are likely to cost employers a substantial amount of money (fairwork, 2018).In addition, the entitlement of workers to increased annual leave is not necessarily good news for potential employers. This is because despite longer leave, the employees are entitled to payments. This could mean reduced volume of production for the business thus less revenue. Despite all these, employees on leave are entitled. References Abolition of NSW Duty on Business Assets | Revenue NSW. (2018).Revenue.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.revenue.nsw.gov.au/taxes/abolished/iga/factsheet/abolition-nsw-duty-business-assets Doing Business (2018).Reforming to create jobs.[Online].https://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/DoingBusiness/Documents/Profiles/Country/AUS.pdf Fairwork.gov.au. (2018) Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/723/Notice-of-termination-and-redundancy-pay.pdf.aspx Trading Economics. (2018).Australian Building Permits. Retrieved 27 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/building-permit

Macbeth Analysis Essays (1184 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Analysis Macbeth In Shakespeare's lifetime he wrote many plays. Many of them were critically acclaimed and others cast aside. The crowd always wanted to be more thoroughly entertained and Shakespeare always tried to keep up with the people's needs. In 1605, Shakespeare was being hounded for another work of genius. Hamlet and King Lear had just been completed and the people of England begged for more. He knew not of what to write and like many playwrights did some research. He found two stories from Hollinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare had already taken some ideas from there for his plays like Henry IV and Henry V. William decided to combine the reign of Macbeth and the murder of King Duff by Donwald and his wife, altering both to suit his needs. Macbeth is by far the shortest play that William Shakespeare wrote. The main reason why this is so is not because Shakespeare did not have much to say, but because King James was so impatient. Macbeth was written basically for the king. In fact, the emphasis on witchery was because King James so heavily believed in sorcery. Shakespeare worried very much about the evil powers insulting the king. After all was said and done, Macbeth was another barrier to be broken in the great scheme of performances. It was an instant success. King James and the court loved it along with England. No offenses were made from Malcolm needing help from England. Shakespeare feared that James would be offended by that. From that moment on Macbeth would be known by all. Yet the people begged for more and hoped Macbeth would be out done by another astounding play. Shakespeare wondered how such a task could be accomplished. What was it about Macbeth that made it loved by everyone? Shakespeare's style has been analyzed by many and some still can not figure it out. His poetry has influenced his plays immensely. Apart from the fascinating characters of the two leading roles, the play's chief attraction is it wonderful poetry. Scarcely a word is wasted, and vivid images tumble after each other in a stream of color and ideas (Ross 43). Shakespeare put great thought into what he wanted to write and his feelings expressed themselves through the stylistic devices of tone, characterization, and symbolism. Shakespeare's characterization of Macbeth exonerates the impact he had on the play. The tone in Macbeth remains sinister and depressing throughout the play. Symbolism, on the other hand, kept the tragedy in tact, and if understood, revealed the whole play in the very beginning of her pages. The character of Macbeth profoundly effects the play, by means of transpiring his actions to hurt others. If looking at the characteristics of good and evil, it makes the reader wonder what makes a person good or evil. Evil is not born into people, but it is the only option they have left. Three features we have seen stand out clear in the general conception of Macbeth. There is his eminently practical nature, which is the key to the whole. And the absence in him of the inner life adds two special features: one is his helplessness under suspense, the other is the activity of his imagination with its susceptibility to supernatural terrors...His practical power develops as capacity for crime...his mind is as scorpions; it is tortured in restless ecstasy. Suspense has undermined his judgment and brought on him the gambler's fever...The third feature in Macbeth is the quickening of his sensitiveness to the supernatural side by side with the deadening of his conscience...In the reaction from the murder of Banquo the supernatural appearance-which no eye sees but his own-appears more real to him than the real life around him. And from this point he seeks the supernatural, forces it to disclose its terrors, and thrusts himself into an agonized vision of generations that are to witness the triumph of his foes. (Moulton 335-337) Moulton knows what he is talking about. Macbeth was heavily influenced by supernatural forces. In fact, were it not for them he might be living a happy and content life. The witches had a profound affect on him. He soon found himself in a world where he wanted to know more and more and the weird women were the only ones who could satisfy his hunger. Macbeth went from a man who served everyone but himself to a man who served only himself. The one thing that Macbeth had that meant the most to him was his wife. Lady Macbeth

Global village free essay sample

What is meant by the global village? the global village is describing the world and how it has shrink into a village by the different media types, mostly importantly the world web making it extremely easy to pass messages to people across the globe. This making the world become like a village where people can contact others quickly and conveniently. The GAIA hypothesis? The whole idea known as the gaia hypothesis, is believed to be that the earth is considered as living organism. The earth is a very put together system that all living things have an effect on the earths environment, including the atmosphere, the temperature and the location of the earth to the sun are very important factors to the planet. Earth as a fragile plant? From all the planets that we know about in the solar system as far as we know earth is the only planet with life on it. We will write a custom essay sample on Global village or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which means that the earth is able to give us the materials and the nutrients we need to survive, such as water, and oxygen. For the earth to provide us with what we need to live we take the materials it supplies for us. But as the more people living on the earth, the more we need of the materials. The more we use the more that the earth has to continue to supply for us. When people are taking advantage of what the earth is providing for us and cutting down more trees then it can give us the forests will disappear one day. We will have no more wood, paper and other things we get from it. Most importantly we will soon have our plants and animals that live in forests become extinct. The earth is very fragile. We need to treat it with care so we have it providing us with what we need for a long time, people need to reduce waste and use what it gives us more efficiently. Time space convergence? With transportation being much different then it use to be and much more Advanced there is the advantages of getting people and goods to different places quicker. People tend to measure the distance from point to point by minutes rather than kilometers which reduces the travel time between locations is similar to a reduction in actual distance between two places. The traveling of people and goods has become more advanced due to communications and transportation systems. Global village free essay sample America was a time of challenging authority and established conventions. It was into this era that a Professor of Media studies at Toronto University rose to media personality status. Marshall Mcluhan is famous for introducing society to catchy aphorisms such as â€Å"the medium is the message†. Although his theories have always been contested, they were popular at the time and are currently enjoying a revival. One such theory is his vision of the â€Å"Global Village† which I will discuss in this essay. To understand the term, a comprehension of some of his other ideas is necessary. Mcluhan was influenced by Harold Adams Innis who suggested that each medium of communication had a time â€Å"bias† which affected the stability of society. In short, he saw that â€Å"time biased† media such as stone carving would endure time and lead to a stable society. â€Å"Space biased† media, such as papyrus, could easily be revised and lead to an unstable culture (Meyrowitz 1985:17). We will write a custom essay sample on Global village or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mcluhan went beyond this to suggest that different media have â€Å"sensory bias† (Postman went beyond this to argue that the medium contains an â€Å"ideological bias†). Mcluhan saw each new media invention as an extension of some human faculty. In The Medium is the Massage he notes, â€Å"All new media are extensions of some human faculty† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:26). The book illustrates some examples; the wheel of the foot, the book of the eye, clothing of the skin and electronic circuitry of the central nervous system. In terms of the â€Å"global village† the last extension is the most important. He saw us as breaking our ties with a local society and, through our new electronic extensions, connecting globally to a new world of total involvement. â€Å"We now live in a Global Village†¦a simultaneous happening† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:63). He refers to the village as a global community, existing with a level of connection associated with small rural settlings. We can see evidence for this in terms of what is sometimes termed an â€Å"always on† culture. News travels instantaneously across the globe, 1 in 6 people own a mobile phone (Guardian 2002) and the Internet smashes old barriers of communication. However, the Internet was in its infancy when Mcluhan used the term, which was first used in response to radio. There is some debate over the origin of the term â€Å"global village†. Eric Mcluhan writes that James Joyce reffered to a similar phrase, as did Wyndham Lewis. His opinion is that his father was probably already developing the concept and found it referenced in Lewis’ work afterwards. Mcluhan’s view of the â€Å"Global Village† was positive. He saw it championing greater social involvement and wrote, â€Å"In an electronic information environment, minority groups can no longer be ignored† This is a technological determinist attitude as it holds the medium as the single key to their involvement. Mcluhan also notes, â€Å"there is absolutely no inevitability as long as there is a willingness to contemplate what is happening† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:25). This is rather at odds with some of Mcluhan’s other material. He often makes poetically powerful statements about our helplessness in the face of technology (â€Å"All media work us over completely† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:26)). Digital TV offers increasing interactivity with Internet functions such as e-mail and online banking available next to greater entertainment choices. It is being put to an alternative use in sheltered housing by allowing residents in difficulty to contact the manager; an example of how new technology is including minority groups. However, with the advent of digital TV the Government has come under pressure to sell the broadcasting spectrum that analogue occupies and is planning to do so before 2010. The effects of this look set to create a greater divide than the one it healed. 50% of homes currently have digital TV but a third of homes are unable to receive digital TV at all. A report by the Department of Trade and Industry found that 6% of the population are likely to object to the switch-off based on the cost of upgrading and the belief that we watch too much TV (The Observer, 2004). If the analogue signal were to be switched off, those who couldn’t (or wouldn’t) receive digital TV would have no access to TV. The gap between rich and poor would accelerate and a greater social divide would exist. Technological Determinists refer to a â€Å"technological revolution† and since the invention of this term there has been concern for those left outside. The issue is more complex than Mcluhan presents it and subject to factors beyond that of just the medium. In Mcluhan’s time the Internet was far from the widespread facility it is today. He died in 1980, but only 5 years later the system to which the phrase â€Å"online community† is most pertinent was operational. Internet forums allow a number of people across the globe to converse in real time. The Internet seems to provide the most convincing argument for the â€Å"global village†. With broadband most actions are instant, allowing the user to converse, transfer money, view information and order products regardless of geography. Mcluhan’s idea of electronic circuitry extending the nervous system is easier to comprehend when you consider someone sitting down at a computer. The physical action of typing becomes the cause, but the effect is realised in an electronic global network. Meyrowitz notes how â€Å"At one time, parents had the ability to discipline a child by sending the child to his or her room-a form of ex-communication from social interaction† (Meyrowitz 1985:Preface). This is no longer the case. The Internet offers the possibility of extending our central nervous system across the globe. It is intrinsic in today’s society and much has been written over its social effects. Wellman and Gulia remark, â€Å"those on either side of this debate assert that the Internet will create either wonderful new forms of community or will destroy communication altogether† (Wellman: â€Å"The Networked Community†). The reality is unlikely to be as clear as this (although Mcluhan’s â€Å"global village† would suggest that it is). Meyrowitz has argued that new media blur the boundaries between public and private behaviour (Meyrowitz 1985:93-114). The same headline in a newspaper and read by a newsreader are two different messages. Print media does not invite the same depth of character analysis that TV does. The public broadcast begins to merge a private situation and invites a personal reading of the presenter. The personal homepage is an explicit example of the blurring between public and private boundaries. People from all walks of life are making available to the connected world their presentation of themselves. Cheung notes how it can be emancipatory as it allows you to rehearse your presentation (Cheung 2000). Unlike face-to-face communication you can refine your presentation until you are content. Mcluhan envisaged the â€Å"global village† as creating a greater level of social involvement and to some extent we can see this happening with the personal homepage. Individuals are reaching out to a global mass audience to say, â€Å"this is me†. Grosswiler notes that Mcluhan â€Å"would have agreed with the idea that electronic media increase the desire for closeness and intimacy in the Global Village† (Grosswiler 1998:118). However there is a problem in defining what we mean by â€Å"closeness and intimacy†. A personal webpage is more personal than the BBC homepage but not as personal as face-to-face communication. Mcluhan would argue that the â€Å"closeness and intimacy† on the personal webpage is the only type that exists as we live in the â€Å"global village†. For Mcluhan there was no other village and intimacy could be with anyone, anywhere. There is a tendency by those who consider the Internet in a technologically determinist way to view it in isolation. The Internet is for most people not the totality of their social interaction, although it is becoming increasing possible to live your life without human contact. It is possible to order almost everything you could need using the Internet, yet town centres still exist. I may talk to friends online but the majority of communication with them will be face-to-face. Mcluhan is often accused of exaggerating his conclusions and this is evident. While the personal webpage is popular it doesn’t provide a substantial system of interaction. It also clear that while a minority of people make friends online, face-to-face interactions comprise the majority. Mcluhan’s famous aphorism â€Å"the medium is the message,† represents the belief that the medium itself has social impact of which the masses are usually considered to be unaware. If the power of the media is so great, how is it that determinists such as Mcluhan can stand outside of it to comment? Furthermore Mcluhan thought that as soon as we are aware of something as environment, a greater process must be in effect (Mcluhan, Eric). However, Mcluhan was considered knowledgeable enough to sit on a board set up to examine â€Å"the totality of communications problems in modern society† (McBride cited in Briggs and Burke 2002:258-260). The outcome of this report would have made interesting reading but unfortunately political conditions halted proceedings. Maybe I would be discussing a different concept if the report had gone ahead. Mcluhan once remarked that the one thing a fish is not aware of is water. The water determines everything the fish does yet the fish is blissfully unaware. The point is that we are the fish and technology our water. However this doesn’t prove the argument, it simply explains it. At first glance the phrase appears clever yet contains no empirical evidence and is typical of Mcluhan’s inventive and persuasive useful of language. Mcluhan’s global village is perceived as optimistic. Yet a Marxist interpretation offered by Ang notes that â€Å"the making of the â€Å"global village† can be rewritten as the transformation, or domestication, of the non-Western Other in the name of capitalist modernity† (Ang 1996:150-180 cited in Grosswiler 1998:142). While the idea of the spread of communication remains constant, it is seen to destroy individual non-western cultures to make way for capitalist exploitation. The sociologist Tom Nairn argues that while Mcluhan’s â€Å"global village† could be reality, it is prevented from being so by the social forms of capitalism† (Nairn 1968:150 cited in Grosswiler 1998:34). He is not denying that it is achievable, but notes, â€Å"The potential of electric media is, in fact, in contradiction with a great deal of the actual social world†. He accuses Mcluhan of creating myths and ignoring the contradictions of his theory. The graphic below compare the distribution of Internet routers and the global population. (Soon-Hyung Yook, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi at http://www. cybergeography. org/atlas/geographic. html) It is obvious from the map that the majority of the world is not connected. According to this the â€Å"global village† is made up of a minority of the worlds population. This is a model far from creating greater social involvement and has the potential to create a global divide between the connected and the unconnected. In my introduction I cited a statistic claiming that 1 in 6 people own a mobile phone in support of the â€Å"global village† concept. As with Mcluhan’s aphorisms this initially seems persuasive but closer inspection reveals the truth. The statistic suggests proportionality. As Briggs and Burke explain, â€Å"While there were 600 million telephones in the world in 1982, half the world’s population lived in countries which together had fewer than ten million†. Again this undermines the â€Å"global village† vision and adds empirical weight to Nairn’s criticism that the potential of the media is in contradiction with reality. As with the Internet, the â€Å"global village† is presented here as almost exclusively existing between developed western countries. Mcluhan’s vision dictated that minorities couldn’t fail to be incorporated, yet they have been excluded by virtue of being unconnected. Furthermore the Marxist view upholds that where third-world nations are included, it is only as means of stripping them of identity for capitalist ends. These points considered, it seems that Mcluhan’s vision is not a reality. Much of the world is unconnected and I need cite no evidence that it has not led to world peace. However, it should be noted that Africa is currently leading the way in the realms of mobile phone ownership. It has become the first continent in which the number of mobile phone users exceeds that of landline subscribers. A report â€Å"has estimated that there will be 60 million people using mobile phones by the end of the year more than double the 27 million who have a landline† and mobile phone ownership is growing at an annual rate of 65%, double the global average (Guardian, May 2004). It seems that we may be fast heading toward a â€Å"global village†. However even with Africa’s growth in mobile phone ownership, this still only brings the total to 6% of the population (Guardian, May 2004) and Internet access is considerably lower. While it may be true that a virtual village has been created, it is far from the all-inclusive global vision that Mcluhan prophesised. Global village free essay sample Global Village and its relevance in today’s society Nicholas Jones 1960’s America was a time of challenging authority and established conventions. It was into this era that a Professor of Media studies at Toronto University rose to media personality status. Marshall Mcluhan is famous for introducing society to catchy aphorisms such as â€Å"the medium is the message†. Although his theories have always been contested, they were popular at the time and are currently enjoying a revival. One such theory is his vision of the â€Å"Global Village† which I will discuss in this essay. To understand the term, a comprehension of some of his other ideas is necessary. Mcluhan was influenced by Harold Adams Innis who suggested that each medium of communication had a time â€Å"bias† which affected the stability of society. In short, he saw that â€Å"time biased† media such as stone carving would endure time and lead to a stable society. We will write a custom essay sample on Global village or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Space biased† media, such as papyrus, could easily be revised and lead to an unstable culture (Meyrowitz 1985:17). Mcluhan went beyond this to suggest that different media have â€Å"sensory bias† (Postman went beyond this to argue that the medium contains an â€Å"ideological bias†). Mcluhan saw each new media invention as an extension of some human faculty. In The Medium is the Massage he notes, â€Å"All new media are extensions of some human faculty† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:26). The book illustrates some examples; the wheel of the foot, the book of the eye, clothing of the skin and electronic circuitry of the central nervous system. In terms of the â€Å"global village† the last extension is the most important. He saw us as breaking our ties with a local society and, through our new electronic extensions, connecting globally to a new world of total involvement. â€Å"We now live in a Global Village†¦a simultaneous happening† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:63). He refers to the village as a global community, existing with a level of connection associated with small rural settlings. We can see evidence for this in terms of what is sometimes termed an â€Å"always on† culture. News travels instantaneously across the globe, 1 in 6 people own a mobile phone (Guardian 2002) and the Internet smashes old barriers of communication. However, the Internet was in its infancy when Mcluhan used the term, which was first used in response to radio. There is some debate over the origin of the term â€Å"global village†. Eric Mcluhan writes that James Joyce reffered to a similar phrase, as did Wyndham Lewis. His opinion is that his father was probably already developing the concept and found it referenced in Lewis’ work afterwards. Mcluhan’s view of the â€Å"Global Village† was positive. He saw it championing greater social involvement and wrote, â€Å"In an electronic information environment, minority groups can no longer be ignored† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:24). This is a technological determinist attitude as it holds the medium as the single key to their involvement. Mcluhan also notes, â€Å"there is absolutely no inevitability as long as there is a willingness to contemplate what is happening† (Mcluhan and Fiore 1967:25). This is rather at odds with some of Mcluhan’s other material. He often makes poetically powerful statements about our helplessness in the face of technology (â€Å"All media work us over completely† (Mcluhan Fiore 1967:26)). Digital TV offers increasing interactivity with Internet functions such as e-mail and online banking available next to greater entertainment choices. It is being put to an alternative use in sheltered housing by allowing residents in difficulty to contact the manager; an example of how new technology is including minority groups. However, with the advent of digital TV the Government has come under pressure to sell the broadcasting spectrum that analogue occupies and is planning to do so before 2010. The effects of this look set to create a greater divide than the one it healed. 50% of homes currently have digital TV but a third of homes are unable to receive digital TV at all. A report by the Department of Trade and Industry found that 6% of the population are likely to object to the switch-off based on the cost of upgrading and the belief that we watch too much TV (The Observer, 2004). If the analogue signal were to be switched off, those who couldn’t (or wouldn’t) receive digital TV would have no access to TV. The gap between rich and poor would accelerate and a greater social divide would exist. Technological Determinists refer to a â€Å"technological revolution† and since the invention of this term there has been concern for those left outside. The issue is more complex than Mcluhan presents it and subject to factors beyond that of just the medium. In Mcluhan’s time the Internet was far from the widespread facility it is today. He died in 1980, but only 5 years later the system to which the phrase â€Å"online community† is most pertinent was operational. Internet forums allow a number of people across the globe to converse in real time. The Internet seems to provide the most convincing argument for the â€Å"global village†. With broadband most actions are instant, allowing the user to converse, transfer money, view information and order products regardless of geography. Mcluhan’s idea of electronic circuitry extending the nervous system is easier to comprehend when you consider someone sitting down at a computer. The physical action of typing becomes the cause, but the effect is realised in an electronic global network. Meyrowitz notes how â€Å"At one time, parents had the ability to discipline a child by sending the child to his or her room-a form of ex-communication from social interaction† (Meyrowitz 1985:Preface). This is no longer the case. The Internet offers the possibility of extending our central nervous system across the globe. It is intrinsic in today’s society and much has been written over its social effects. Wellman and Gulia remark, â€Å"those on either side of this debate assert that the Internet will create either wonderful new forms of community or will destroy communication altogether† (Wellman: â€Å"The Networked Community†). The reality is unlikely to be as clear as this (although Mcluhan’s â€Å"global village† would suggest that it is). Meyrowitz has argued that new media blur the boundaries between public and private behaviour (Meyrowitz 1985:93-114). The same headline in a newspaper and read by a newsreader are two different messages. Print media does not invite the same depth of character analysis that TV does. The public broadcast begins to merge a private situation and invites a personal reading of the presenter. The personal homepage is an explicit example of the blurring between public and private boundaries. People from all walks of life are making available to the connected world their presentation of themselves. Cheung notes how it can be emancipatory as it allows you to rehearse your presentation (Cheung 2000). Unlike face-to-face communication you can refine your presentation until you are content. Mcluhan envisaged the â€Å"global village† as creating a greater level of social involvement and to some extent we can see this happening with the personal homepage. Individuals are reaching out to a global mass audience to say, â€Å"this is me†. Grosswiler notes that Mcluhan â€Å"would have agreed with the idea that electronic media increase the desire for closeness and intimacy in the Global Village† (Grosswiler 1998:118). However there is a problem in defining what we mean by â€Å"closeness and intimacy†. A personal webpage is more personal than the BBC homepage but not as personal as face-to-face communication. Mcluhan would argue that the â€Å"closeness and intimacy† on the personal webpage is the only type that exists as we live in the â€Å"global village†. For Mcluhan there was no other village and intimacy could be with anyone, anywhere. There is a tendency by those who consider the Internet in a technologically determinist way to view it in isolation. The Internet is for most people not the totality of their social interaction, although it is becoming increasing possible to live your life without human contact. It is possible to order almost everything you could need using the Internet, yet town centres still exist. I may talk to friends online but the majority of communication with them will be face-to-face. Mcluhan is often accused of exaggerating his conclusions and this is evident. While the personal webpage is popular it doesn’t provide a substantial system of interaction. It also clear that while a minority of people make friends online, face-to-face interactions comprise the majority. Mcluhan’s famous aphorism â€Å"the medium is the message,† represents the belief that the medium itself has social impact of which the masses are usually considered to be unaware. If the power of the media is so great, how is it that determinists such as Mcluhan can stand outside of it to comment? Furthermore Mcluhan thought that as soon as we are aware of something as environment, a greater process must be in effect (Mcluhan, Eric). However, Mcluhan was considered knowledgeable enough to sit on a board set up to examine â€Å"the totality of communications problems in modern society† (McBride cited in Briggs and Burke 2002:258-260). The outcome of this report would have made interesting reading but unfortunately political conditions halted proceedings. Maybe I would be discussing a different concept if the report had gone ahead. Mcluhan once remarked that the one thing a fish is not aware of is water. The water determines everything the fish does yet the fish is blissfully unaware. The point is that we are the fish and technology our water. However this doesn’t prove the argument, it simply explains it. At first glance the phrase appears clever yet contains no empirical evidence and is typical of Mcluhan’s inventive and persuasive useful of language. Mcluhan’s global village is perceived as optimistic. Yet a Marxist interpretation offered by Ang notes that â€Å"the making of the â€Å"global village† can be rewritten as the transformation, or domestication, of the non-Western Other in the name of capitalist modernity† (Ang 1996:150-180 cited in Grosswiler 1998:142). While the idea of the spread of communication remains constant, it is seen to destroy individual non-western cultures to make way for capitalist exploitation. The sociologist Tom Nairn argues that while Mcluhan’s â€Å"global village† could be reality, it is prevented from being so by the social forms of capitalism† (Nairn 1968:150 cited in Grosswiler 1998:34). He is not denying that it is achievable, but notes, â€Å"The potential of electric media is, in fact, in contradiction with a great deal of the actual social world†. He accuses Mcluhan of creating myths and ignoring the contradictions of his theory. The graphic below compare the distribution of Internet routers and the global population. (Soon-Hyung Yook, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi at http://www. cybergeography. org/atlas/geographic. html) It is obvious from the map that the majority of the world is not connected. According to this the â€Å"global village† is made up of a minority of the worlds population. This is a model far from creating greater social involvement and has the potential to create a global divide between the connected and the unconnected. In my introduction I cited a statistic claiming that 1 in 6 people own a mobile phone in support of the â€Å"global village† concept. As with Mcluhan’s aphorisms this initially seems persuasive but closer inspection reveals the truth. The statistic suggests proportionality. As Briggs and Burke explain, â€Å"While there were 600 million telephones in the world in 1982, half the world’s population lived in countries which together had fewer than ten million†. Again this undermines the â€Å"global village† vision and adds empirical weight to Nairn’s criticism that the potential of the media is in contradiction with reality. As with the Internet, the â€Å"global village† is presented here as almost exclusively existing between developed western countries. Mcluhan’s vision dictated that minorities couldn’t fail to be incorporated, yet they have been excluded by virtue of being unconnected. Furthermore the Marxist view upholds that where third-world nations are included, it is only as means of stripping them of identity for capitalist ends. These points considered, it seems that Mcluhan’s vision is not a reality. Much of the world is unconnected and I need cite no evidence that it has not led to world peace. However, it should be noted that Africa is currently leading the way in the realms of mobile phone ownership. It has become the first continent in which the number of mobile phone users exceeds that of landline subscribers. A report â€Å"has estimated that there will be 60 million people using mobile phones by the end of the year more than double the 27 million who have a landline† and mobile phone ownership is growing at an annual rate of 65%, double the global average (Guardian, May 2004). It seems that we may be fast heading toward a â€Å"global village†. However even with Africa’s growth in mobile phone ownership, this still only brings the total to 6% of the population (Guardian, May 2004) and Internet access is considerably lower. While it may be true that a virtual village has been created, it is far from the all-inclusive global vision that Mcluhan prophesised.

The Bride Of Frankenstein essays

The Bride Of Frankenstein essays Whoever said that the sequel is never as good and the original spoke too soon. James Whales The Bride of Frankenstein is far superior to Whales first Frankenstein creation. The acting is superior, the costumes and make up are more fitting, the musical score adds worlds of animation, the art direction couldnt have been better, and the overall screenplay itself brings this movie together. The Bride of Frankenstein is a great piece of film for any classic horror movie lover. The acting or performance displayed by the stars of The Bride of Frankenstein was exceptional. The acting in a film causes one to identify with the characters emotionally, to get caught up in the film, and can reveal if the actor truly had a strong grasp of who the character was and what he was supposed to portray. Karloff gives one of his best performances as the creature. He opens the movie with the familiar angry and murderous attitude displayed in Whales Mary Shellys Frankenstein. He kills, causes mayhem amongst the townspeople, and hates all that is living. This persona goes on until he seeks refuge with a blind man played by O.P. Heggie. At this pivotal point in the film, Karloff displays the creatures softer side. He begins to grow fond of the living and in turn, the audience cannot help but grow fond of him. One begins to connect with the Karloff and almost feel sorry for him. Its almost as if a bond or friendship is made with the creature. The costumes or makeup of a horror film, if done correctly, adds a greater sense of reality to the picture. They help you understand the characters better if they are appropriate and accurate to the time-period and reflect the spirit of the character. Makeup artist, Jack Pierce transformed Karloff, once again, into the hideous monster that all have grown to fear and yet love at the same time. Pierces dark and cold ...

Answering the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answering the questions - Essay Example t even though the tree is dead from the inside and it will only be a matter of time before the leaves fall out and reveal the real nature of the tree (Brown 234). While Christian doctrine offers pardon from sins through the acceptance of Jesus Christ as our savior, secular humanists believe that humans are basically noble and have no need to ask for forgiveness from anyone for their â€Å"sins†. Thus secular humanists cannot discard their guilt and once a human compiles too much guilt, then overtime he becomes accustomed to these feelings of guilt and the signals from the conscience and has no trouble behaving sinfully and immorally (Brown 233-238). Almost all the aspects of the Christian doctrine comply with humanist world views, the doctrine teaches about respect for fellow human beings, sanctity through the unity of a man & woman, staying truthful, and not doing anything that is sinful in nature according to the Bible. More and Erasmus were some of the greatest preachers of Christian Humanism and were considered exceedingly moral and intelligent. Being close friends, More and Erasmus had high respect for one another, Erasmus even talked about More’s sole being â€Å"purer than snow†. While their outlook and views about Christian humanism were analogous, their methods were different in the sense that More was much more radical than Erasmus. (Hauerwas and Wells 142) The Pope was and is a prominent figure all over the world, and believed to be the foremost religious authority and the most righteous man. So when Martin Luther advertised several gross allegations against the Pope and the Church’s officials in his 95 Theses; this immediately gained popularity, as do many scandals in the present day. (Graham 118-119) In less than 2 weeks, the popularity 95 theses had covered all of Germany and within 60 days the publicity reached all over Europe; mostly through word-of-mouth publicity and the scandalous nature of the texts. (Graham 119) The main reason why